摘要 选取大同盆地作为研究区域,研究内陆苏打盐化土玉米高产栽培技术。通过全膜覆盖双垄沟种植与普通地膜覆盖效果对比试验、膜下滴灌与普通灌溉效果对比试验、耐盐碱高产玉米品种筛选试验,分析了各项技术对内陆苏打盐化土玉米产量的影响。结果表明:在内陆苏打盐化土上,全膜覆盖双垄沟种植技术可以显著提高玉米产量,并延长玉米生育期;膜下滴灌技术使玉米产量和土壤脱盐率均明显提高;大丰26和并单5号较耐盐碱,冀玉9号和郑单958施改良剂后,增产率较高。 关键词 玉米;高产栽培;全膜覆盖;膜下滴灌;苏打盐化土;大同盆地 中图分类号 S513 文献标识码 A 文章编号 1007-5739(2014)23-0009-03 Abstract The high yield cultivation techniques of maize on inland soda-saline-alkali soil were studied by taking the Datong Basin as the research region.Based on the effect comparison experiment of double ridges mulched with wide plastic film and common plastic film mulching,drip irrigation under plastic film and ordinary irrigation and varieties screening test of salt tolerance of high-yielding maize,the influence of the technologies on maize yield in inland soda-saline-alkali soil was analyzed.The results showed that,in the inland soda-saline-alkali soil,double ridges mulched with wide plastic film technology could remarkably improve the yield of maize,and prolong the growth period of maize.The drip irrigation under plastic film could make the yield of maize and soil desalinization ratio significantly increase.The maize varieties such as Dafeng 26 and Bingdan No. 5 had higher salinity tolerance,and Jiyu No. 9 and Zhengdan 958 had higher yield increase rate after application soil amendment. Key words maize;high yield cultivation;double ridge mulching;drip irrigation under plastic film;soda-saline-alkali soil;Datong basin 盐碱地作为中低产田的重要组成部分,蕴含着巨大的增产潜力。我国现有3 333万hm2盐碱耕地,其中大部分分布在华北、西北和东北等干旱、半干旱地区。山西省共有盐碱地30万hm2,其中以大同盆地面积最大,达到20万hm2,占全省盐碱地面积的2/3以上。大同盆地盐碱地主要种植作物为玉米,产量较低,一般为2 250~3 000 kg/hm2,远远低于山西省玉米平均产量水平,直接阻碍着当地农民收入的提高。 近年来,大同地区部分区域盐碱土壤经过多年改良,盐碱程度已大为降低,但还存在着出苗率低、生长不均匀、缺乏耐盐碱高产品种、耗水量大等突出问题[1-2]。因此,进行该地区盐碱地玉米高产栽培技术的研究是非常必要的,并且大同盆地是我国内陆干旱苏打型盐碱土的典型区域,该地区盐碱地形成条件、形成过程和土壤盐分组成基本代表了我国内陆干旱盐碱区的基本情况[3-4]。因此,在该地区研发的盐碱地玉米高产栽培技术对其他内陆干旱盐碱区域都具有示范推广价值。 1 材料与方法 1.1 试验概况 试验地设在大同市天镇县三十里铺乡兰玉堡村,属大陆性北温带干旱季风气候,四季分明,无霜期90~128 d,年均日照时数2 827 h,年均气温6.4 ℃,平均海拔994 m。据全国第二次土壤普查的山西土壤志中划分,该区域属于内陆干旱型盐碱区,土壤属重度苏打盐化土,土壤耕层(0~20 cm)含盐量一般在3~5 g/kg,有的高达10 g/kg,土壤pH值最高达10.32,碱化度(ESP)最高达48.1%,土壤中代换性钠离子含量高,土壤胶体分散,团粒结构差,湿时土壤膨胀泥泞,干时收缩干硬,碱性极强,作物生长困难。 供试土壤取自裸地0~162 cm土壤剖面,属改良1年后的中度苏打盐化土,前茬玉米产量为2 250 kg/hm2。其化学性状见表1。 1.2 试验设计 |